Author: Eduard Chyhyrynets

Author: Lorenzo Cerasti ; Type of thesis: Master thesis
Abstract: Copper is probably the metal that the human race knows from more time, and in recent
years its use is growing exponentially1. It is employed in every industry, from architecture
to sculpture, from electronics to medicine, from food to musical instruments, and so on.
The ultra-pure Copper then, for its characteristics of thermal and electrical conductivity,
and corrosion resistance (all three exceeded only by Gold and Silver), is critical in special
and advanced applications such as particle physics, the superconducting accelerators
and all the components involved in high value-added applications.
For the latter components, the surface finish is not only an aesthetic whim but a
necessary request.
Roughness plays an important role in determining how a real object will interact with its
environment. Rough surfaces usually wear more quickly and have higher friction
coefficients than smooth surfaces. Roughness is often a good predictor of the
performance of a mechanical component, since irregularities in the surface may form
nucleation sites for cracks or corrosion. Although a high roughness value is often
undesirable, it can be difficult and expensive to control in manufacturing. Decreasing the
roughness of a surface will usually increase its manufacturing costs.
his project work focuses on the ultra high cleaning protocol of Copper components for
particle physics, superconducting cavities and technology transfer of this knowledge to
anodes for X-ray tubes.

Author: Sara Cisternino ; Type of thesis: Master thesis
Abstract:

^99_mTc is the principal radioisotope used in medical diagnostics worldwide. Its 6-hour physical half-life and the 140 keV photopeak makes it ideally suited to medical imaging using conventional gamma cameras. ^99mTc is derived from its parent element 99Mo that is derived almost exclusively from the fission of uranium-235 targets (using primarily highly-enriched uranium) irradiated in a small number of old-aged research nuclear reactors.
A global shortage of ⁹⁹Mo exposed vulnerabilities in the supply chain of medical radioisotopes, therefore, individual countries and companies are exploring options for a future supply of medical radioisotopes. Cyclotron-based production of 99mTc starting from 100Mo by 100Mo(p,2n)99mTc reaction has been developed and evaluated at National Institute of Nuclear Physics – Legnaro National Laboratory (LNL-INFN); however some issues must be resolved. Among them innovative target development, because different requirements should be considered:

• target strength;
• ability to achieve desired thickness of target material;
• adherence of target material to baking;
• chemical resistance of backing;
• thermal performance at desired current.

Target design strategies, which have been identified in literature, include evaporation, e-beam melting, rolling of thick/self-supported targets, sintering, and electrodeposition. However, they are not performing good enough from the heat conduction point of view. In fact, the resulting targets have high oxidation level and low density, and the deposition technique does not allow to control the thickness and to deposit onto specific substrates .
The purpose of this thesis is the development of an innovative target based on the deposition of the target material, specifically Mo, by magnetron sputtering technique in order to provide high density, thick, uniform and adherent film onto chemically inert backing, as sapphire.
After the sputtering parameter optimization, thick ( ̴ 100 μm) Mo films have been obtained and neither stress nor delamination have been observed.
Successful irradiations were carried out with 16 MeV cyclotron in Sant’Orsola Hospital, in Bologna, with different current beams. In fact, the system has performed at a current of more than 20 μA.

Author: Giovanni Caldarola ; Type of thesis: Master Thesis
Abstract: Long time has passed from the discovery of superconductivity, in 1911. Since then theoretical and experimental progress have been made continually. Nevertheless, there are still much to learn about superconductivity and the uses of superconducting materials. At INFN/LNL research and development is being done in order to understand the properties and uses of various superconducting materials to push forward the field of particle accelerator technology. These are used to fabricate radio-frequency (RF) accelerating cavities in order to minimize the power dissipated and increase their figures of merit, such as accelerating gradient (Eacc) and intrinsic quality factor (Q0 or Q) which is a convenient parameter for the number of oscillations it takes the stored energy to dissipate to zero.
Superconducting properties of high purity niobium makes it the preferred material for many accelerator projects using superconducting technology. In fact, niobium possesses very intriguing physical and mechanical properties, not only the highest superconducting transition temperature (Tc) of 9.26°K and the highest superheating field of 240 mT among all available superconducting pure metals but also excellent ductility, which enables machining to be done relatively easily. In addition, the high quality factor and cavity accelerating gradient are fundamental parameters as they affect the overall cost of the accelerator in a direct way.
The accelerating gradient of the superconducting niobium cavities has been remarkably raised in the past decades with an advance of the cavity fabrication technology.
Cavities used to-date are made of niobium either in bulk or niobium coated on copper and are operated at 1.8 and 4.2 °K where the BCS component of the surface resistance is reduced to minimum and the cavity works in the residual resistivity regime.
In Legnaro three laboratories are reserved for cavity treatments and analysis: the chemical, the sputtering and the cryogenic lab, which is dedicated to the whole process of RF testing.
The work will focus on the influence on cavity performance of external surface conditions (in bulk cavity) and of the interface between niobium and copper (in thin film sputtered cavities). Specifically the interest is aimed to investigate how to better allow heat transfer from the resonator to the helium bath

For this purpose, 6 GHz elliptical cavities have been used. The main advantages over a 1.3 or 1.5 GHz superconducting RF cavities (SRF) are saving time, cost and material. Furthermore, due to smaller dimensions, the processes involved have been characterized by a reduction of energy in thermal treatments and a fast cryogenic measurement. A spinning technology is used to create seamless bulk-Nb and bulk-Cu cavities [1].
As a parallel activity, RF characterization of a 101 MHz Nb-Cu QWR (quarter wave resonator) has been conducted and compared with previous tests, varying sputtering parameters.
During the RF test the cavities have to be cooled at cryogenic temperatures in order to reach the superconducting state. In the testing facility there are two apertures which can host a cryostat and allow that this task is accomplished. While 6 GHz elliptical cavities are tested at 4.2°K and then at 1.8°K, for the 101 MHz QWR a temperature of 4.2°K is sufficient.